deposition of sediments

weathering and transport of magma

compaction of sediments

alteration of sediments by heat and pressure

cooling and solidification of magma

Sedimentary rocks form during the assimilation of weathered particles into magma.

If weathered particles are heated to the point where they melt, the result is sedimentary rock.

When sediments are carried deep within Earth’s crust, sedimentary rocks can form.

Sedimentary rocks form when weathered particles are cemented and/or compacted.

When weathered particles are subjected to extreme heat and pressure, the result is sedimentary rock.

As pre-existing rocks undergo crystallization, the result is metamorphic rock.

Pre-existing rocks undergo metamorphism when they are subjected to heat and pressure without melting.

When pre-existing rocks melt, they are transformed into metamorphic rocks.

The presence of fossils in pre-existing rocks leads to the development of metamorphic rocks.

Pre-existing rocks can undergo metamorphism when they are subjected to repeated freezing and thawing.

wind

volcanoes

rivers

glaciers

convection cells

You determine that these rocks formed in a volcano.

You know that these rocks formed near the surface of Earth.

You conclude that these rocks were deposited in a glacial moraine.

You know that these rocks formed at great depth below the surface.

You are certain that these rocks have undergone cementation and compaction.

You determine that the sediments were deposited by wind.

The sediments formed deep within Earth.

You conclude that metamorphism has taken place.

They were derived from the igneous rocks from which the islands were formed.

You note that cementation and compaction are taking place.

gneiss

basalt

limestone

obsidian

granite

Part B

What is the term used to describe a very large, widespread, and deep intrusive body of igneous rock?

Part C

In what type of igneous feature would you find rocks with a vesicular texture?

coarse-grained

fine-grained

vesicular

poorly cemented

intrusive

The light-colored crystals formed first, undergoing slow cooling, and dark crystals formed later.

The large, dark-colored crystals were picked up as the lava flowed over the surface.

The large, dark-colored crystals were part of the rock that the magma moved through.

The dark crystals formed first, undergoing slow cooling, and the remainder cooled quickly.

There were two separate and distinct eruptions.

weathering of pre-existing rocks

the melting of pre-existing rocks

the application of heat and pressure to pre-existing rocks

erosion of pre-existing rocks

weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks

wind

ice

running water

waves

All of the answers are correct.

sandstone

basalt

rock salt

conglomerate

shale

there is no quartz in the rock

the particles have been melted

the particles have been compacted

there are no fossils in the rock

the particles have been cemented

melting

heat and pressure

chemical weathering

mechanical weathering

erosion

weathering and erosion

cementation and compaction

crystallization

lithification

heat and pressure

Water flows downhill, eroding the host rock to make it smooth.

Water cleanses the iron-bearing minerals, which helps to delineate the crystal faces.

Water migrates into host rock carrying ions to stable minerals in order to facilitate growth of new metamorphic minerals.

Water boils the rocks that it comes in contact with, causing them to liquefy and slowly cool and harden into a new, stable state.

Water interferes with mineral crystallization, thereby delaying the process of metamorphism.

Gabbro naturally turns to amphibolite through the process of weathering over long periods of time.

Mineral-laden water from the ocean caused changes in the mineral composition during the Grenville Orogeny.

The gabbro was heated to 500 °C and buried a few miles below the Earth's surface.

Mineral-rich fluids from the overlying Paleozoic sedimentary rocks cemented the minerals in the gabbro and altered their structure.

Explosive volcanic forces caused the gabbro to melt and the minerals in it to realign.

Part C

What is a mantle plume?

The sandpaper takes on an appealing reddish color when the garnets are incorporated into it.

Garnets fracture easily and have abrasive edges.

Garnets have many crystal faces and therefore have sharp edges.

Garnets have a value of 8 or 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, making them very abrasive.

Garnets have no other use.