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BUS/371 BUS371 BUS 371Chapter 2—The Evolution of Management Thinking PART 2



21.	Unity of direction principle proposes that similar activities in an organization should be grouped together under one manager.


	22.	The scalar chain is a hypothetical chain that provides horizontal links between unionized workers in different departments in an organization.


	23.	Scientific management focuses on employee competence, whereas administrative principles focus on work flow through the organization.


	24.	Follett and Barnard were early advocates of a more humanistic perspective on management that emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior, needs, and attitudes in the workplace as well as social interactions and group processes.


	25.	Unfortunately, Mary Parker Follett's approach to leadership stressed the importance of engineering techniques rather than people.


	26.	A social group within an organization is part of the informal organization.



	27.	Most early interpretations of the Hawthorne studies agreed that money was the cause of the increased output.


	28.	The Hawthorne studies led to the early conclusion that positive human relations can lead to significantly higher performance.


	29.	The scientific management perspective refers to the management thinking and practice that emphasizes satisfaction of employees' basic needs as the key to increased worker productivity.


	30.	Maslow's hierarchy of needs started with belongingness, progressed to safety, and finally led to esteem.


	31.	According to Douglas McGregor, Theory X and Theory Y provide two opposing views of workers, where Theory X recognizes that workers enjoy achievement and responsibility, while Theory Y recognizes that workers will avoid work whenever possible.


	32.	Maslow's hierarchy of needs started with safety needs.


	33.	Theory Y proposes that organizations can take advantage of the imagination and intellect of all of their employees.


	34.	Organization development is a specific set of management techniques based in the behavioral science approach.



	35.	The behavioral science approach develops theories about human behavior based on scientific methods and study.


	36.	The field of management that specializes in the physical production of goods or services refers to operations management.


	37.	Operations management represents the field of management that specializes in the physical production of goods and services.


	38.	The management science perspective emerged after World War II to treat problems associated with improving manufacturing.


	39.	When the shop foreman receives and rewards valuable suggestions from its workers, and this leads to continual improvement of production, synergy has occurred.


	40.	Contingency theory suggests that managers are more successful if they learn the best way to manage and motivate their employees, and then apply this knowledge in a universally consistent way.