Question Details

1. Logic is the study of reason and arguments.
A. True
B. False
2. Philosophy studies life- most basic questions.
A. True
B. False
3. Philosophical questions are primarily subjective in nature.
A. True
B. False
4. The value of studying philosophy is that it develops your analytical abilities and your capacity for abstract thought.
A. True
B. False
5. The word philosophy derives from two ancient Greek words: philia, which means love, and sophia, which means wisdom.
A. True
B. False
6. Philosophical questions are conceptual in nature; __________ deal in probability and plausibility rather than absolute truth and falsehood.
A. Philosophical uncertainties
B. Philosophical answers
C. Philosophical doubts
D. Philosophical statements
7. A major philosophical concept, ________________, deals with basic human characteristics and similar traits in other beings like chimpanzees and dolphins.
A. Personhood
B. Selfhood
C. Self-being
D. Primitive self
8. A(n) ________ fallacy involves an argument- subject matter.
A. Formal
B. Informal
C. Truth
D. False
9. The two parts of an argument are _____.
A. Premises and conclusion
B. Fact and conclusion
C. Premises and falsehoods
D. Facts and truths
10. Another word for the facts, evidence, theories, or ideas that allegedly lead to an argument- claim is _____.
A. Premises
B. Conclusions
C. Formal fallacy
D. Informal fallacy
11. If it- sunny, Jennifer goes surfi ng. Jennifer went surfing today. Therefore, it must have been sunny. This is an excellent illustration of affirming the consequent, a formal fallacy.
A. True
B. False

12. “A square has four sides” is a necessary and sufficient condition for defining a square.
A. True
B. False
13. The potions riddle in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer- Stone is an excellent example of logical thinking.
A. True
B. False
14. If someone is a student at Hogwart-, then he or she is studying witchcraft and wizardry. Neville Longbottom is a student at Hogwart-. Therefore, Neville Longbottom is studying witchcraft and wizardry. This is an excellent example of Modus Ponens, or the Asserting Rule.
A. True
B. False
15. Analytical thinking is the philosophical application of psychoanalysis.
A. True
B. False
16. Crossing the finish line first in a race in which you competed fairly and without cheating is a necessary and sufficient condition for you to be the winner.
A. True
B. False
17. The idea that there is one special person somewhere in the world that is your destiny to meet and fall in love with is an example of ______.
A. Fatalism
B. Determinism
C. Free will
D. Pragmatism
18. A theory that claims that all human behavior is the result of scientifically identifiable natural forces is an example of _____.
A. Fatalism
B. Determinism
C. Free will
D. Pragmatism
19. B.F. Skinner believes that human freedom is impossible.
A. True
B. False
20. Freudianism claims that the human personality has neither conscious nor unconscious dimensions.
A. True
B. False
21. A “Freudian slip” is an example of how the unconscious can determine what we say.
A. True
B. False
22. Sartre accepts the idea that _______________, that is, the theory that our choices determine our nature.
A. Existence precedes essence
B. Essence precedes existence
C. Free will
D. Determinism


23. The theory of free will implies about responsibility that because our actions result from our own choices, we are fully responsible for them.
A. True
B. False
24. Aristotle agrees with the following statement: The more we understand people, the more we know how little responsibility they have for their actions.
A. True
B. False
25. According to Ellis, irrational beliefs prove that determinism is correct.
A. True
B. False
26. Immanuel Kant revised Bentham- ideas by arguing for the importance of differences in the type, kind, or quality of pleasures and pains that follow from actions.
A. True
B. False
27. The most basic concept of Kant- ethics is truth.
A. True
B. False
28. Kant calls his basic moral rule the categorical imperative.
A. True
B. False
29. The ultimate drawback to a teleological approach to ethics is that it allows for the idea that “the ends justify the means.”
A. True
B. False
30. In a religious approach to ethics, faith and the authority of sacred texts have the final word.
A. True
B. False
31. If an action is legal, it is also morally right.
A. True
B. False
32. Jeremy Bentham writes, “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do.”
A. True
B. False
33. As Bentham and Mill are classic representatives of act-oriented ethics, so Immanuel
Kant created the model for results-oriented ethics.
A. True
B. False
34. Kant argues that a morally good action must have intrinsic worth.
A. True
B. False
35. Plato thinks that we are made up of three parts, physical, ________, and intellectual.
A. Spirited
B. Emotional
C. Truthful
D. Consciousnesses
36. Consider the case of a woman who is robbed and beaten. The robber escapes punishment.
Socrates would say__________ has been most hurt by this crime.
A. The woman
B. The robber
37. Socrates illustrates his ideas about the ethical life and the unethical life with the image of two wine jars.
A. True
B. False
38. In the Platonic dialogue entitled the Gorgias, the character Callicles argues that best life is one of the uncontrolled and totally self-interested pursuit of pleasure.
A. True
B. False
39. Plato believes that in the unhealthy soul there is an inappropriate balance among the three parts.
A. True
B. False
40. Socrates thinks that wrongdoing “is in every way harmful and shameful to the wrongdoer.”
A. True
B. False
41. Socrates thinks that unethical actions have no effect on our ability to act virtuously.
A. True
B. False
42. When Socrates says that, “the unexamined life is not worth living,” he is recommending one way to avoid the harm that can come from acting unethically.
A. True
B. False
43. Socrates probably sees the non-cognitive effects of vice as involving loss of the mind- ability to argue forcefully for the value of the ethical life.
A. True
B. False
44. The notion of a social contract argues that the citizens of a society freely enter into an agreement to abide by that society- laws and therefore are obligated to do so.
A. True
B. False
45. The first working democracy in the world was in the ancient Greek city of___________.
A. Athens
B. Santorini
C. Rhodes
D. Ios
46. John Locke- idea of formal consent, claims that an informal and unspoken agreement is sufficient to constitute being bound by the terms of a particular social contract.
A. True
B. False
47. Strictly speaking, the type of government that Plato recommends is an democracy.
A. True
B. False
48. Plato thinks that the only kind of government worse than democracy is tyranny.
A. True
B. False
49. Skinner- society, Walden Two, is primarily an agricultural community.
A. True
B. False
50. The kind of government that Plato recommends in his ideal society is a religious government.
A. True
B. False
51. Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes and other thinkers such as Heraclitus and Parmenides are known as the Pre-Socratics.
A. True
B. False
52. __________maintains that object no not exist apart from being perceived.
A. Thales
B. Berkeley
C. Anaximander
D. Heraclitus
53. Berkeley claims that God constantly perceives reality, and thus gives it ultimate existence.
A. True
B. False
54. An Anthropomorphic account of reality explains things by appealing to cultural terms.
A. True
B. False
55. The basic idea underlying Plato- understanding of the nature of reality is that ideas are more real than the objects that present themselves to our senses.
A. True
B. False
56. The philosophical tradition that Plato represents is called materialism.
A. True
B. False
57. The philosophical approach to knowledge known as ________claims that knowledge comes from sensory experiences.
A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Determinism
D. None of the above
58. Hume thinks that to the extent that knowledge is possible, it ultimately depends on___________.
A. The senses
B. The truth
C. Our Knowledge
D. Our beliefs
59. Hume uses the example of a billiard ball hitting another to question the concept of causality.
A. True
B. False
60. Gilbert Ryle uses the term ___________ to describe an error in logical categories, otherwise known as “comparing apples to oranges.”
A. Category mistake
B. False logic
C. False truth
D. Error in thought
61. “A triangle has three sides” is an example of an analytic statement.
A. True
B. False
62. Kant tried to synthesize the epistemological views of the rationalists and empiricists.
A. True
B. False
63. Locke states that qualities like color, taste, and smell are primary qualities of an object, and are not processed by the mind.
A. True
B. False
64. The problem of evil is taken up in the Bible in the book of job.
A. True
B. False
65. Aquinas defines _________ as potentialities becoming actualized.
A. Motion
B. Sense of self
C. Our soul
D. energy
66. A rationalistic argument concerning God- existence claims that by merely contemplating the notion of God as “that-than-which-nothing-greater-can-be-thought,” we become aware that God must exist.
A. True
B. False
67. ___________claims the fear is the basis of religion, that people “accept religion on emotional grounds.”
A. Bertrand Russell
B. David Hume
C. Thomas Aquinas
D. Saint Anselm
68. David Hume dismisses such arguments about God- existence from causality with the claim that the material universe itself might be a necessarily existent being, which means there is no need for a “first cause.”
A. True
B. False
69. Anselm- discussion of the possibility of God- existence relies on empirical evidence alone.
A. True
B. False
70. Marx calls the type of work that characterizes capitalism_____________.
A. Alienated labor
B. Punishment
C. Forces Labor
D. None of the above
71. _________ is an essentially deterministic principle which is, paradoxically, based on the idea of individual free choice.
A. Karma
B. Rebirth
C. Free will
D. Spiritual life
72. The Supreme Buddha was a prince from fi fth century B.C. Nepal who became a great spiritual leader.
A. True
B. False
73. _______________ is the Buddhist idea that because the task of spiritual development is too complex to accomplish in one lifetime, we live many lives.
A. Karma
B. Rebirth
C. Free will
D. Spiritual life
74. The Buddhist conception of the self is the source of the way the self is understood in Western philosophy.
A. True
B. False
75. Unlike Western religions, Buddhism emphasizes the importance of practicing meditation as an important way to foster spiritual development.
A. True
B. False
76. According to Einstein, _________ will be perceived the same whether the observer is moving or not.
A. Space-time continuum
B. String theory
C. The speed of light
D. Theory of Relativity
77. Einstein- theory about the ______implies that reality has four dimensions, not three.
A. Space-time continuum
B. String theory
C. The speed of light
D. Theory of Relativity
78. _______________is based on the claim that the ultimate building blocks of reality aren’t subatomic particles, but even smaller vibrating one-dimensional strings of energy.
A. Space-time continuum
B. String theory
C. The speed of light
D. Theory of Relativity
79. The world of subatomic particles spawned a separate branch of physics called quantum mechanics.
A. True
B. False
80. Imagine two twins. One gets onto a space ship and travels close to the speed of light for what the ship- clocks record as a few months. The other twin remains on earth. When the space ship returns, there will be no difference in their ages.
A. True
B. False
81. Imagine that you are standing still, while a friend of yours is on a train heading north.
You see two lightning bolts strike the ground at the same instant - one to the north and the other to the south. Einstein would say that your friend on the train experiences things differently, seeing the northern bolt strike before the southern bolt.
A. True
B. False

82. Unlike Newton, Einstein believes that space is constant and absolute and cannot “bend.”
A. True
B. False
83. One of the philosophical implications of Newton- view of the universe is that human actions are totally free.
A. True
B. False
84. In ______________ “conventional” morality, including stages three and four, we understand right and wrong in terms of laws and the expectations of others.
A. Kohlberg-
B. Belenky-
C. Gilligan-
D. Perry	
85. If we are at Perry- second stage, “unacceptable multiplicity,” and we hear two opposite accounts of the causes of the Reformation, we would probably think that one, but only one, of the two accounts is true.
A. True
B. False
86. In Belenky- first stage, “____________,” knowledge is what some external authority says it is.
A. Constructed knowledge
B. Received knowledge
C. Subjective knowledge
D. Procedural knowledge
87. In Belenky- final stage, “_______________,” believing is more important than doubting.
A. Constructed knowledge
B. Received knowledge
C. Subjective knowledge
D. Procedural knowledge
88. If we combine the two perspectives represented by Kohlberg and Gilligan, the problem of the moral justification of an action becomes more difficult and involved.
A. True
B. False
89. Sex refers to societal roles, whereas gender refers to biology.
A. True
B. False
90. In Perry- final stage, “relativism,” we generally believe that truth is a function of cultural norms.
A. True
B. False
91. According to Gilligan, in the view of most women, “the moral person is one who can understand and act in accordance with philosophical principles such as Kant- categorical imperative’”
A. True
B. False
92. “Human” and “person” are different, but related, ideas. “Human” is a biological concept, while “person” is a _____________ concept.
A. Theological
B. Philosophical
C. Scientific
D. Emotional
93. Humans’ curiosity about dolphins can be traced back at least to ancient__________.
A. Rome
B. China
C. Greece
D. None of the above
94. The one dolphin sense that acts as both their eyes and ears in the water is like the modern human sonar system onboard submarines.
A. True
B. False
95. Dolphins have a body temperature of _________ degrees.
A. 98.6
B. 96.8
C. 90.2
D. 92.2
96. As far as the criteria for “personhood” are concerned, dolphins probably do possess “awareness” because the fact that they can be so easily trained shows that they are aware of the external world and able to interact with it.
A. True
B. False
97. The fact that dolphins can perform leaps, dives and flips on cue from trainers: prove that dolphins are not intelligent enough to be persons, because persons would not perform such menial behaviors.
A. True
B. False
98. In terms of the criteria for personhood developed in this chapter, dolphins, on balance, did pretty well.
A. True
B. False
99. Dolphins live very solitary lives.
A. True
B. False
100. One reason for choosing dolphins for such an inquiry is that it lets us keep the concept “person” from being too heavily colored by the notion “human.” This is possible because there are substantial differences between humans and dolphins.
A. True
B. False

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