Question Details

Question 1 Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)?

•	Question 2
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?
Answer			
	
•	Question 3
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect:

•	Question 4
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Using epidemiology for operational research involves:

•	Question 5
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by immunization against rubella
Answer			
	
			
•	Question 6
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by half-way houses for persons recovering from addiction
Answer			
	
•	Question 7
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate?

•	Question 8
5 out of 5 points
	
 	The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by:
Answer			
	
			
•	Question 9
5 out of 5 points
	
 	To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
Answer			
	
			
•	Question 10
5 out of 5 points
	
 	A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following?

•	Question 11
5 out of 5 points
	
 	According to classic studies, age-standardized morbidity rates in the United States for acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions show the following sex differences:
•	Question 12
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the downward-drift hypothesis for schizophrenia?

			
•	Question 13

	
 	Which of the following is not one of the four criteria for the utility of epidemiologic data?
Answer			
	
•	Question 14
5 out of 5 points
	
 	What is one of the widely used sources of statistical data on cancer?
Answer			
	
•	Question 15
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Ecologic studies:

•	Question 16
5 out of 5 points
	
 	A large medical center- oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital- epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
 	Cancer Patients	Other Patients
 	Men	Women	Men	Women
LIFESTYLE VARIABLE	 
Alcohol	185	120	270	260
Tea Drinking	140	110	230	225
Coffee Drinking	190	140	270	240

 
Note:   Total number of male cancer patients = 200.
            Total number of female cancer patients = 150.
            Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300.
            Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300.
 
Does this study have a disease status variable?
			
•	Question 17
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Examples of descriptive epidemiologic studies do not usually include:

•	Question 18
5 out of 5 points
	
 	A major advantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that:
Answer			
	Selected Answer:	   
they permit direct estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor.
Correct Answer:	   
they permit direct estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor.
			
•	Question 19
5 out of 5 points
	
 	An ambispective cohort study is also known as a:

			
•	Question 20
5 out of 5 points
	
 	As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of a drug suspected of causing malformations in newborn infants when the drug in question is taken by pregnant women during the course of their pregnancies. As your sample you will use the next 200 single births occurring in a given hospital. For each birth a medication history will be taken from the new mother and from her doctor; in addition, you will review medical records to verify use of the drug. [N.B.: These mothers are considered to have been followed prospectively during the entire course of their pregnancies, because a complete and accurate record of drug use was maintained during pregnancy.]
The resultant data are:
Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. Of these mothers, 35 have delivered malformed infants. In addition, 10 other infants are born with malfunctions.
 
The relative risk between exposure to the drug and malformations is:

			
•	Question 21

 	A screening examination was performed on 250 persons for Factor X, which is found in disease Y. A definitive diagnosis for disease Y among the 250 persons had been obtained previously. The results are charted below:
RESULTS OF DIAGNOSIS
TEST RESULTS	Disease Present	Disease Absent
Positive for Factor X	40	60
Negative for Factor X	10	140

 
The specificity of this test is expressed as:

			
•	Question 22
5 out of 5 points
	
 	A new screening test for Lyme disease is developed for use in the general population. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. Assume the true prevalence of Lyme disease among clinic attendees is 10%.
Calculate the following values:
 
The number of false positives is:

			
•	Question 23
5 out of 5 points
	
 	A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. Researchers establish 50 units as a cut point above which a test is considered positive and thereby indicative of disease. The test manufacturers determine that the test- sensitivity is unacceptably low. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test?

			
•	Question 24

	
 	You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic. Six persons experienced vomiting. The following data were collected:
 	ATE	DID NOT EAT
 	Number of people	Number of people
Food item	Ill	Not ill	Total	Ill	Not ill	Total
Hot dogs	40	30	70	10	20	30
Hamburgers	32	8	40	20	40	60
Potato salad	45	25	70	15	25	40
Ice cream	48	12	60	2	38	40
Lemonade	20	40	60	20	20	40

 
Which food item appears to be the most probable vehicle for the salmonella (agent) infection associated with the illness?

•	Question 25
5 out of 5 points
	
 	A person with an inapparent infection:

•	Question 26
5 out of 5 points
	
 	An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases.  The attack rate of salmonellosis was:

•	Question 27
5 out of 5 points
	
 	The lowest dose at which a particular response may occur:

			
•	Question 28

	
 	It has been suggested that occupational exposure to benzene in the petroleum industry increases the risk of developing leukemia. The levels of benzene to which workers in this industry have been exposed were high from 1940 to 1970, but since 1970 have been significantly reduced. What kind of study design, using petroleum workers, would provide the most useful information on whether benzene affects incidence rates of leukemia in this industry? You may assume that records of individual worker assignments to jobs involving benzene exposure have been maintained by the industry.

			
•	Question 29
	
 	Which of the following statements describes the person-environment fit model?

•	Question 30
5 out of 5 points
	
 	Personal behavior and lifestyle factors in health do not include: