Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009
·
A wide-ranging act
that authorized $787 billion in spending and tax cuts over a ten-year period
and included strong privacy provisions for electronic health records, such as
banning the sale of health information, promoting the use of audit trails and
encryption, and providing rights of access for patients.
Children's Online
Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)
·
A 1998 law that
requires Web sites that cater to children to offer comprehensive privacy
policies, notify parents or guardians about their data-collection practices,
and receive parental consent before collecting any personal information from
children under 13 years of age.
Commoditization
·
The transformation of
goods or services into commodities that offer nothing to differentiate themselves
from those offered by competitors. Commoditized goods and services are sold
strictly on the basis of price.
Communications Act of
1934
·
The law that
established the Federal Communications Commission and gave it responsibility
for regulating all non-federal-government use of radio and television
broadcasting and all interstate telecommunicationsincluding wire, satellite,
and cableas well as all international communications that originate or
terminate in the United States.
Communications
Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)
·
A 1994 law that
amended both the Wiretap Act and EGPA; it requires the telecommunications
industry to build tools into its products that federal investigators could
useafter obtaining a court orderto eavesdrop on conversations and intercept
electronic communications.
Cookie
·
An electronic text
file that a Web site downloads to visitors' hard drives so it can identify them
on subsequent visits.
Electronic
Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA)
·
A law focusing on
three main issues: (1) the protection of communications while in transfer from
sender to receiver; (2) the protection of communications held in electronic
storage; and (3) the prohibition of devices to record dialing, routing,
addressing, and signaling information without a search warrant.
electronic discovery
(e-discovery)
·
The collection,
preparation, review, and production of electronically stored information for
use in criminal and civil legal actions and proceedings.
electronically stored
information (ESI)
·
Any form of digital
information including emails, drawings, graphs, Web pages, photographs,
word-processing files, sound recordings, and databases stored on any form of
magnetic storage device including hard drives, CDs, and flash drives.
European Data
Protection Regulation
·
Proposed regulation to
enforce a single set of rules for data protection across the EU.
European Union Data
Protection Directive
·
A directive passed by
the European Union in 1998 that requires any company doing business within the
borders of 15 western European nations to implement a set of privacy directives
on the fair and appropriate use of information; it also bars the export of data
to countries that do not have comparable data privacy protection standards.
Fair and Accurate
Credit Transactions Act
·
An amendment to the
Fair Credit Reporting Act that allows consumers to request and obtain a free
credit report once each year from each of the three primary consumer credit
reporting companies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion).
Fair Information
Practices
·
A set of eight
principles created by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development that provides guidelines for the ethical treatment of consumer
data.
Family Educational
Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
·
A federal law that
assigns certain rights to parents regarding their children's educational
records. These rights transfer to the student once the student attains the age
of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level.
foreign intelligence
·
Information relating
to the capabilities, intentions, or activities of foreign governments, agents
of foreign governments, or foreign organizations.
Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act (FISA)
·
An act passed in 1978
that describes procedures for the electronic surveillance and collection of
foreign intelligence information in communications between foreign powers and
agents of foreign powers.
Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act Amendments Act
·
Granted NSA expanded
authority to collect, without court-approved warrants, international
communications as they flow through U.S. telecom network equipment and
facilities.
Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA)
·
A law passed in 1966
and amended in 1974 that grants citizens the right to access certain
information and records of the federal government upon request.
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
(GLBA)
·
A 1999 bank
deregulation law, also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act, which
granted banks the right to offer investment, commercial banking, and insurance
services through a single entity.
Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
·
A law designed to
improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage; to reduce
fraud, waste, and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery; and to
simplify the administration of health insurance.
information privacy
·
The combination of
communications privacy (the ability to communicate with others without those
communications being monitored by other persons or organizations) and data
privacy (the ability to limit access to one's personal data by other
individuals and organizations in order to exercise a substantial degree of
control over that data and its use).
opt in
·
To agree (either
implicitly or by default) to allow an organization to collect and share one's
personal data with other institutions.
opt out
·
To refuse to give an
organization the right to collect and share one's personal data with
unaffiliated parties.
pen register
·
A device that records
electronic impulses to identify the numbers dialed for outgoing calls.
Privacy Act of 1974
·
A law decreeing that
no agency of the U.S. government can conceal the existence of any personal data
recordkeeping system; under this law, any agency that maintains such a system
must publicly describe both the kinds of information in it and the manner in which
the information will be used.
Right to Financial
Privacy Act of 1978
·
An act that protects
the financial records of financial institution customers from unauthorized
scrutiny by the federal government.
stalking app
·
Cell phone spy
software that can be loaded onto someone's phone to perform location tracking,
record calls, view every text message or picture sent or received, and record
the URL of any Web site visited.
Title III of the
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
·
A component of a 1968
law (amended in 1986) that regulates the interception of wire and oral
communications; also known as the Wiretap Act.
trap and trace
·
A device that records
electronic impulses to identify the originating number for incoming calls.
USA PATRIOT Act
·
A law passed in 2001
that gave sweeping new powers to domestic law enforcement and to intelligence
agencies, including increasing the ability of law enforcement agencies to
search telephone, email, medical, financial, and other records, and easing
restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering in the United States.
vehicle event data
recorder
·
A device that records
vehicle and occupant data for a few seconds before, during, and after any
vehicle crash that is severe enough to deploy the vehicle's air bags.
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