Develop their human potential and learn culture

Develop their human potential and learn culture

Socialization

 

·         The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
It occurs through human interaction that begin at infancy and continue throughout life
We learn the most from people important in our life. Family, best friends, our teachers

 

Personality

 

·         a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling

 

Nature vs. Nurture

 

·         Humans depend on others to provide care for physical growth and personality development.

Nurture is our Nature

 

Postconventional level of moral development.

 

·         The third and final stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development.

People move beyond their society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles. As they think about ideas such as liberty, freedom, or Justice, they may argue that what is lawful still may not be right.

 

Carol Gilligan

 

·         moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse

 

Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development

 

·         Her theory is similar to Piaget's theory, but she focuses on the link between gender and moral reasoning.

She set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys and concluded that the two sexes use two different standards of rightness.
1st Boys have a Justice Perspective.
2nd Girls have a care and responsibility perspective.

 

Justice Perspective / Rule-Based

·         Carols Gilliagan's idea of how Boys see rightness

The relying of formal rules to define right and wrong.
Example: Boys see stealing as wrong because it breaks the law.

 

 

Care and Responsibility Perspective / Person-Based

 

·         Carols Gilliagan's idea of how Girls see rightness

Judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalties.
Example: Girls see stealing and are more likely to wonder why someone would stele and to be sympathetic toward someone who steals, say, to feed her family.

 

George Herbert Mead

 

·         Primary concept of the self, the part of one's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Links self concept to role-taking. Three stages of self development: Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage.

 

George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self

 

·         His theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experiences develops an individual's personality.

His theory involves concepts in seeing the self as the product of social experience. His theories involve:
1st The Self
2nd The Looking Glass
3rd The I and the Me
4th The Development of the Self through the stages of Imitation, Play, Games, and Generalized Others.

 

The Self

 

·         Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

1st - The self develops only with social experience. The self is not part of the body and does not exist at birth. The self develops only as the individual interacts with others. Without interaction the body grows, but no self emerges.
2nd - Social experience is the exchange of symbols. Only people wise words, a wave of the hand, or smile to create meaning to its actions.
Example: dogs respond to what to do, but humans responds to what you have in mind as you do it.
3rd - Understanding intention requires imagining a situation from the other's point of view . taking the role of the other. The Looking-glass self.

 

looking-glass self

 

·         Charles Horton Cooley's coined this term for a self-image based on how we think others see us.

Example: if we think others see us as clever, we will think of ourselves in the same way. But if we feel they think of us as clumsy, then that is how we will see ourselves.

 

The I and the Me

 

·         Mead's fourth point is that by taking the role of the other, we become self-aware. Another way of saying this is that the self has two parts. One part of the self operates as subject, being active and spontaneous, called the "I". The other part of the sale works as an object, the way we imagine others see us, the "Me".

 

Imitation

 

·         The 1st stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
When you are young you mimic the behavior behavior of other people without understanding the underlying intention.
Example: If you see your brother through a ball you do the same thing.

 

First Stage: Play

 

·         The 2nd stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
This involves assuming the roles modeled on significant others, people, such as parents.
Example: You may play the roll of mom or day however at this stage you only take on one roll at a time.

 

Second Stage: Significant Others

 

·         people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization.

 

Third Stage: Games

 

·         The 3rd stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
You consider multiple tasks and rolls at the same time. Example: kids can play hide and seek because they understand the roll of both the person hiding and seeking. Also team sports like baseball.

 

Final Stage: Generalized Others

 

·         The Final stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
We can understand the attitudes, view points of others.

 

generalized other

 

·         Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves

 

 

Erik H. Erikson

 

·         student and follower of Freud; theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan and proposed eight stages of development

 

 

Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

 

·         Some point to childhood as the curtail time when personality takes shape. He took a broader view of socialization. He explained that we face challenges throughout the life course in eight stages.
Stage 1: Infancy
Stage 2: Toddlerhood
Stage 3: Preschool
Stage 4: Preadolescence
Stage 5: Adolescence
Stage 6: Young Adulthood
Stage 7: Middle Adulthood
Stage 8: Old Age

 

Stage 1: Infancy

 

·         Stage 1 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The challenge of trust vs. mistrust
Between birth and about 8 months, infants face the first of life's challenges: to gain a sense of trust that their world is a safe place. Family members play a key role in how any infant meets this calling.

 

Stage 2: Toddlerhood

 

·         Stage 2 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The calling of autonomy vs. doubt and shame.
The next challenge, up to age three, is to learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way. Failure to gain self-control leads children to doubt their abilities.

 

Stage 3: Preschool

·         Stage 3 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The calling of initiative vs guilt.
four and five year olds must learn to engage their surrounding - including people outside the family - or experience guild at having failed to meet the expectations of parents and others.

 

 

Stage 4: Preadolescence

 

·         Stage 4 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

the challenge of industriousness vs inferiority.
Between the ages of six and thirteen, children enter school, make friends, and strike out on their own more and more. They either feel proud of their accomplishments of fear that they do not measure up.

 

 

Stage 5: Adolescence

 

·         Stage 5 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The challenge of gaining identity vs confusion.
During the teen years, young people struggle to establish their own identity. In part, teens identify with others, but they also want to be unique. Almost all teens experience some confusion as they struggle to establish an identity.

 

Stage 6: Young Adulthood

 

·         Stage 6 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The challenge of intimacy vs isolation.
The challenge for young adults is to form and keep intimate relationships with others. Making close friends, and especially falling love, involves balancing the need to bond with the need to have a separate identity.

 

Stage 7: Middle Adulthood

 

·         Stage 7 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The challenge of making a difference vs self-adsorption.
The challenge of middle age is to contribute to the lives of others in the family, at work, and in the larger world. Failing at this, people become self-centered, caught up in their own limited concerns.

 

Stage 8: Old Age

 

·         Stage 8 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

The challenge of integrity vs despair.
Near the end of their lives, people hope to look back on what they have accomplished with a sense of integrity and satisfaction. For those who have been self absorbed, old age brings only a sense of despair over missed opportunities.

 

Agents of Socialization

 

·         Several similar settings have special importance to the socialization process. Among them are the family, the school, the peer group, and the mass media.

 

 

Socialization Agent: Family

 

•      Perhaps the most important socializing agent.
• Providing Nurture in early childhood. This teaches skills, values, and beliefs. Also the environment that the adults create affect Socialization.
• Role of race, class and gender play a large part in shaping a child's personality.

 

Cultural Capital

 

·         The ability to take part in leisure activities, including sports, vacation travel, and music lessons.
Far less available to children growing up in low-income families.

 

School

 

•      Interaction with people who are different from you.
• Teach values and customs of the larger society.
• Hidden curriculum.
• Potential to reinforce class (and other)
differences.

 

Hidden curriculum in School

 

·         What they learn in school goes beyond the formally planned lessons.
Example: Spelling bees teach children not only how to spell but how it divide the population into "winners" and "losers"

 

 

Peer Group

 

·         a special group whose members have interests, social positions, and age in common
They learn how to form relationship on their own.
During adolescence parental influence on children remains strong. Peers may affect short-term interest suck and music and television shows but parents have greater influence on longterm goals such as going to college.
Example: Church, School, Friends, Work

 

 

Anticipatory Socialization

 

·         learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.
People are influence by peer groups they would like to join.

 

Mass Media

 

·         The means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience.
Mass media introduces people to ideas and images that are new and different.

 

Other Spheres of Influence

 

•      Religion
• Workplace
• Military
• Government
• Health Care

 

The Life Course

 

•      Childhood
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Old Age

 

Gerontology

 

·         the study of aging and the elderly

 

gerontocracy

 

·         a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige

 

ageism

 

·         prejudice and discrimination against older people

 

 

cohort

 

·         a category of people with something in common, usually their age

 

 

Total Institution

 

·         A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff

 

Resocialization

 

·         Radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment
- Break down the old self identity.
- Rebuild a new self through reward and punishment.

 

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