SOCI 111 Week 8 M08 CH 17 REVIEW QUIZ

SOCI 111 Week 8 M08 CH 17 REVIEW QUIZ | Ivy Tech Community College

M08 CH 17 REVIEW QUIZ 

Question 1

 (Q001) What is an example of a paradigm shift (or scientific revolution)?   

·         A sociologist's study finds additional evidence that individuals are affected by their social environment.  

·         A physicist conducts a study that builds on the work of Albert Einstein.  

·         A biologist discovers a previously unknown genetic mechanism that definitively overthrows all currently existing thought on evolution.  

·         A social scientist uses her knowledge of human behavior to spark a rebellion and overthrow the government.

 

Question 2

 (Q002) The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to help women suffering from the symptoms of menopause began in the 1940s. As studies proliferated and the numbers of women taking HRT increased, additional data hinted that some approaches to the regimen did not work and instead seemed to increase health risks. This led to a dramatic shift toward careful, individual evaluation and screening. In the framework of Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions, this paradigm shift is the result of the    

·         gradual increase in discoveries about HRT.  

·         adoption of radical alternative therapies by women who were disenchanted with conventional approaches.  

·         accrual of an increasing number of anomalies.  

·         overall increase in social disapproval of traditional Western medicine.

 

Question 3

 (Q003) What is an example of how social factors can influence scientific research?    

·         A wealthy alumna of a large research university dies of complications from diabetes, and in her will, she leaves millions of dollars to the university on the condition that the money be used for diabetes research.  

·         The development of antibiotic-resistant strains of diseases has led scientists to search for new types of antibiotics.  

·         Although a pharmaceutical company is eager to develop a new antiseizure medication, its scientists finds that their primary path of inquiry yields few useful results.

·         The sudden appearance of a highly infectious lung disease creates a flurry of activity among infectious disease specialists trying to track down the cause and develop possible treatments.

 

Question 4

 (Q004) The debate over whether intelligent design is a religious belief, as the courts have ruled, or a scientific theory in its own right shows the difficulties and importance of    

·         how scientific discoveries can tip the balance toward one of two competing paths of inquiry.  

·         poorly designed research promoted as valid scientific inquiry.  

·         the use of interdisciplinary approaches for research.  

·         maintaining the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science.

 

Question 5

 (Q005) What is one of the primary claims made by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar in their book Laboratory Life?    

·         Boundaries established between legitimate and nonlegitimate science are artificial and ultimately damaging to all scientific inquiry.  

·         Scientific facts do not simply reveal themselves through research but rather are constructed through a process that is heavily influenced by social factors.  

·         The boundary work that takes place in a laboratory leads to new paradigms.  

·         The privileged world of scientific research must be completely open to society in order to ensure greater transparency.

 

Question 6

 (Q006) Suppose you're put into a group in class to create a presentation about genetically modified organisms (GMOs.) One of the other group members is a highly regarded science student, but you end up doing most of the work on the presentation by yourself. However, the teacher only praises the highly regarded student for the success of the presentation. This is an instance of the __________ effect.    

·         Clinton  

·         Hollywood  

·         Matthew  

·         Kuhn

 

Question 7

 (Q007) What is true about the growing threat of global warming?    

·         The effects of global warming have the potential to alter human societies drastically; at the same time, the primary cause of global warming is human activity. 

·         Although global warming threatens the environment, it influences the creation of new plant species that are better adapted to survive in changing climatic conditions.  

·         Although global warming has been studied for years, there is still much disagreement among scientists and politicians about its causes and its potential effects.   

·         Societies are finally becoming more serious about global warming, but it may already be too late to make changes that will reduce or slow it.

 

Question 8

 (Q008) At the health food store, you notice that some chickens are labeled "certified organic," some "made with organic ingredients," others as "free range," and still others as "raised without growth hormones." About the only thing you can be sure of here is that the products labeled as "organic" will    

·         be locally produced.  

·         be lower in fat than nonorganic foods.  

·         contain 100 percent organic products.  

·         not contain genetically modified ingredients.

 

Question 9

 (Q009) How might organic farming create stratification among farmers?    

·         Established organic farms have an incentive to hinder the development of new organic growers to keep supply low and prices high.  

·         Many smaller farms cannot afford to meet all the necessary guidelines and maintain an organic farm, which allows megafarms to dominate the market and use their influence to change policies and guidelines to their advantage.  

·         Because consumers are concerned with "buying local," organic farms close to larger urban centers have an advantage over organic farms farther away.  

·         Small organic farms are generally more socially conscious than large farmers, so they tend to pay their workers better, which leads to lower profits.

 

Question 10

 (Q010) On the island of Maui, residents voted to ban the cultivation of genetically engineered crops, but courts ruled the ban invalid. What might have underpinned residents' resistance to consuming GMO products?    

·         A stigma surrounds the consumption of GMO products.  

·         The ban limits food production in a time of global hunger. 

·         Curtailing good scientific research may lead to lower crop yields.  

·         The health benefits of a better diet are threatened.

 

Question 11

 (Q011) What is a major concern of critics of genetically modified crops?    

·         The use of genetically modified crops increases global inequality because generally only farmers in wealthy countries can afford the more expensive seeds.  

·         The use of genetically modified crops has been shown to deplete the nutrients in soil more quickly than with nonmodified crops.  

·         Wealthy countries use developing countries as laboratories to see the long-term effects of human consumption of genetically modified crops.  

·         Changing the genetic structure of one organism can have negative effects on the whole ecosystem of which it is a part.

 

Question 12

 (Q012) Consider "fracking," the forced extraction of natural gas from fractured ground, which in turn adds to carbon emissions after it is consumed. How might such a practice be understood in the context of what Ulrich Beck calls a "risk society"?    

·         as an essential part of our economy and survival, and something we must accept the risks for  

·         as a process that adds to an existing risk, and something we must avoid at all costs

·         as a human-manufactured risk, the effects of which may be mitigated  

·         as a manufactured risk, but an acceptable one because it is part of a larger natural risk

 

Question 13

 (Q013) What is an example of an external risk?    

·         a biological weapons attack  

·         an earthquake that destroys a city  

·         a balcony that collapses causing many injuries  

·         a collapse in crop prices that causes farms to go bankrupt

 

Question 14

 (Q014) The Keystone XL Pipeline has been the target of politic protest in recent years. Proponents argue that it provides energy and jobs; opponents argue that it poses unacceptable environmental risks. If framed against Charles Perrow's thesis in The Next Catastrophe, the pipeline   

·         could be built and any negative impact reduced by dispersing the risks.  

·         should not be built because reducing the risks is not possible.  

·         should not be built because it is not possible to distribute the risks equally.  

·         could be built if the natural risks were reduced or eliminated.

 

Question 15

 (Q015) Appearing first as a lowly weed, corn has, over the past several thousand years, become embedded in our food chain as a vegetable, a sweetener, and even a fuel. The long process of selecting, weeding, cultivating and fostering selected strains of the original weed is a form of    

·         paradigm shift.  

·         genetic modification.  

·         hybridization.  

·         green revolution.

 

Question 16

 (Q016) In the text, we learn about the effort to reduce vitamin A deficiency in children through the use of golden rice. Can this effort be considered part of the green revolution?    

·         Golden rice introduces many environmental hazards, so it cannot be part of any green revolution.  

·         Vitamin A deficiency is best left to medical technology, thus golden rice is not part of the green revolution.  

·         Golden rice is readily available to millions, so it can be considered part of the green revolution.  

·         Golden rice was introduced to reduce disease, not to increase crop yields, so it is not part of the green revolution.

 

Question 17

 (Q017) The green revolution has been credited with _____ in developing countries.    

·         influencing better human rights practices  

·         reducing the demand on water resources  

·         helping food production keep pace with population growth  

·         increasing the amount and variety of nutrients consumed by populations

 

Question 18

 (Q018) Why might the findings of the Human Genome Project be interesting to sociologists?   

·         They could help reduce stratification as people from different social backgrounds might find common ground based on sharing certain genetic dispositions.  

·         They could increase stratification as people could be categorized as more or less useful or desirable according to what their genetic code says or predicts about them.  

·         They could potentially create new types of stratification (and do away with old ones) and thus lead to a dramatic reordering of society.  

·         They could make social roles or categories more static, limiting people's opportunities for social mobility.

 

Question 19

 (Q019) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Alondra Nelson addresses the question of whether race is a social construction or a biological one. Genetics is one way to resolve questions of ancestry and forces us to reconcile biology with social realities. Although genetic testing may help many African Americans trace their genealogy, one of the major obstacles is that    

·         genetic testing is considered culturally inappropriate by many African Americans.  

·         records of slaves' origins are not complete or even existent in many cases.  

·         the tests often result in additional discrimination for African Americans.  

·         genetic testing is less accurate for African Americans.

 

Question 20

 (Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, John Evans explains that Americans tend to readily accept genetically modified food, but that GMO products have resulted in deep concern and protests in Europe. What reason might explain this difference?    

·         Americans lived through earlier technological scares and are now used to it.

·         The religious nature of Americans lets many believe it is their role to dominate nature.  

·         Americans tend to embrace new technologies quickly.  

·         Europeans are quick to employ collective action.

 

Question 21

 (Q021) Piper and Madrigal are two economists with a long-running disagreement. Piper thinks economists have a moral duty to do research that can be used to change and improve society by making it fairer and more equal. Madrigal disagrees, arguing instead that scientific researchers in all fields should aim for objectivity and not be influenced by their personal views or political pressures. Madrigal's position in this debate is known as    

·         the normative view of science.  

·         the social construction of facts.  

·         the Matthew effect.  

·         intelligent design.

 

Question 22

 (Q022) Teaken is an environmental activist who is working on a campaign trying to convince people to walk or bike to work (rather than drive) as a strategy to combat climate change. In which of the three camps does this solution to climate change fall?    

·         attempts to reverse global warming through geoengineering  

·         efforts to slow greenhouse gas emissions  

·         approaches to mitigate the effects of climate change  

·         reshaping the human genome to adapt to climate change

 

Question 23

 (Q023) A sociologist conducts a study on the genetic markers that correlate with aggressive behavior in adolescence. She submits the paper to a top journal in sociology but the editor rejects it and responds with a letter stating that this research is not sociological and would be a better fit for a journal that publishes biological research. What is this an example of?    

·         normal science  

·         a paradigm shift  

·         the normative view of science  

·         boundary work

 

Question 24

 (Q024) Which statement is true regarding genetics and race?    

·         Race categories do a terrible job at capturing differences in genetics.  

·         There is greater genetic distance between racial categories as there is within them.  

·         The concept of continental ancestry is less genetically precise than the concept of race.  

·         People haven't shown much interest in using genetic testing to determine their ancestry.