PSY 0303 Week 1 Quiz

PSY 0400  Week 1 Quiz | San Francisco State University | Assignment Help

PSY 0400-01 Introduction to Research in Psychology 

Question 1

Change blindness demonstrates that, contrary to our intuitions, one is

Select one:

 substantially less aware of the objects composing a visual scene 

 aware of everything composing the visual scene

 conscious of all that happens to fall upon the eye

 the retina cannot perceive a stablized retinal image

Question 2

Which is an example of empirical support—rather than theoretical support—for the hypothesis that yawing is contagious (i.e., that people imitate yawning automatically)?

Select one:

 based on a hypothesis, yawning should occur when people are under-aroused

 on average, people imitate yawning 80% of the time 

 theoretically, observational learning must depend in part on imitation

 because all behavior is imitable, yawning too, should be imitable

Question 3

What is a problem with theories that suggest the existence of a homunculus (i.e., a little observer) in the nervous system (e.g., that something in the brain ‘views’ the sensory patterns in the visual cortex)?

Select one:

 the brain and mind cannot be made of simpler components that response inflexibly

 the proximal stimulus is identical with the distal stimulus

 the homunculus was not trained to estimate the just noticeable difference

 the homunculus, too, will need a nervous system with its own little homunculus, ad infinitum 

Question 4

To cure his shoulder pain, Paul drank the special tea Bye Bye Shoulder Pain, which is made of boiled cellulose and possesses no medicinal properties whatsoever—it is as medicinally effective as water.  Nevertheless, Paul reported that he felt a lot better after drinking this tea.  This could be a __________________ effect.

Select one:

 floor

 ceiling

 Hawthorne

 placebo 

 PT Barnum

Question 5

If, in a within-subject design, one condition influences the subsequent condition (an order) effect, then one should __________________________ the condition across subjects.

Select one:

 covary out the practice effects of

 counterbalance 

 partition (occurring within one hour)

 match

Question 6

Doctors often measure one’s weight.  If a doctor’s scale is not calibrated properly, such that zero does not actually equal 0 lbs., then the scale may always weigh one the same way and be _______________ but it won’t measure what it is supposed to measure, so it will lack  ___________________.

Select one:

 ecological validity; reliability

 validity; reliability

 construct validity; reliability

 reliable; validity 

Question 7

To test that caffeine increases speech rate, Sue used a between-subjects design in which both conditions were matched in all respects except the administration of caffeine. What should participants drink in the control condition?

Select one:

 nothing

 decaffeinated coffee 

 soda water (to serve as a baseline)

 caffeinated coffee

Question 8

If, for the experimental stimuli, the subject must perform one action (e.g., object naming) but, for the control stimuli, the subject must perform a different option (e.g., object counting), then one should employ a _______________ design.

Select one:

 blocked 

 fully randomized

 priming

 double dissociation

Question 9

If you were designing a study to see whether subjects name plants more quickly than they name animals, and there were 40 "animal" trials and 40 "plant" trials, would you use a blocked or fully randomized design?

Select one:

 blocked design

 fully randomized 

Question 10

Tim conducted a color-naming study and found that coffee did not influence naming latencies. He concluded that coffee does not affect color-naming. His collaborator disagreed, stating that one cannot draw conclusions from ‘null’ findings, because the experiment may have been poorly designed and ‘insensitive,’ or because color-naming is so easy that, with respect to accuracy, it leads to ___________ effects.

Select one:

 ceiling 

 floor

 an unrestricted range

 unreliable

Question 11

Joe cannot see a minor imperfection (scratch) on his contact lens because

Select one:

 correlation does not imply causation

 it is a stabilized retinal image and receptors can only detect changes in stimulation 

 perception can only occur for objects that are far away

 change blindness

Question 12

You want to conduct a study about the effect of music on persistence on a boring task. You decide that your within-subjects IV will be "music playing" or "no music" (control) and that your DV will be the amount of time spent on a boring task (e.g., filing papers). For half of the experimental session, music will be playing. What other thing is required for this study?

Select one:

 always begin the study with the 'music' condition, to avoid habituation effects

 counterbalance presentation order of 'music' versus 'no music' across participants 

 prevent carry-over effects by using a between-subjects design

 use a quasi-experimental approach with musicians and non-musicians

 always begin the study with the 'no music' condition, so that it can serve as a baseline

Question 13

It is important for confederates (aka ‘stooges’) in your experiment to be unaware of experimental treatment that the participant is receiving.  Knowing the condition may make the confederate act in ways that increase the likelihood of finding a spurious effect.  For example, the confederate may influence the participant to act in certain ways.  This would mean that the study suffers from ____________________.

Select one:

 self-report bias

 carryover effects

 restriction of range

 experimenter bias 

Question 14

In a true experiment, participants are NOT randomly assigned to conditions. 

Select one:

 True

 False 

Question 15

Ice cream sales predicts the number of boating accidents, probably because

Select one:

 there is a third variable (e.g., warm temperature) affecting both things 

 ice cream deactivates the frontal cortex, causing bad boating decisions

 correlation implies causation

 if x (e.g., wealth) predicts y (e.g., health), then x must directly cause y

Question 16

Which of the following is the dependent variable?  In an experiment, people ate less when accompanied than when alone.

Select one:

 being alone or accompanied

 being accompanied

 being alone

 eating less 

Question 17

In the following, which is the independent variable?  "Hearing classical music makes people tip more at restaurants."

Select one:

 tipping more

 the restaurant (because it can be manipulated)

 hearing classical music 

 there is no IV

Question 18

Using classical conditioning, John concluded that his turtle could tell the difference between his iPod music from the 1970’s and that of 1990’s.  All songs were played at the same iPod volume setting.  Unbeknownst to him, songs recorded in 1990s were ‘recorded louder’ in the studio than those of the 1970s.  Hence, ‘volume’ is still a potential  ______________ in his experiment

Select one:

 factor

 form of habituation

 variable

 confound 

Question 19

Which theory is best?  A theory that is

Select one:

 simple and elegant and explains the same 85% of the observations 

 complicated (rests on many assumptions) and explains 85% of the observations

 very simple and elegant but explain only 45% of the observations

Question 20

To test the hypothesis that the game Simon Says improves children’s working memory performance (WMP), researchers measured WMP before and after children played the game for an intervention lasting three weeks.  They found that WMP did improve following this intervention, yet no one wanted to publish their research report.  This was most likely because

Select one:

 Simon Says is a patented game, so using it in an experiment constitutes a conflict of interest

 the experimenters failed to control for the variable fun

 the experimenters did not account for the variable time – maturational changes alone could have yielded the effect, as children’s WMP does improve with age 

 the experiment required a quasi-control condition with adults as participants

 the experiment required a control condition with adults as participants

Question 21

Which is an IV and DV?

Viewing comedies (_____) makes people say more jokes (_____)

People jog less (_____) when they were alone than when accompanied (_____)

People type faster (_____) when they are accompanied by others (____)

Select one:

 IV and DV; DV and IV; DV and IV 

 DV and IV; DV and IV; IV and DV

 It depends on how the experiment is structured

Question 22

In a within-subjects design, if half of the subjects were exposed to the experimental treatment during the first half of the session, then the other half should be exposed to the same treatment during the second half of the experiment. This is control technique is known as

Select one:

 counterbalancing 

 yoking

 randomization

 externalizing

Question 23

Ted’s laboratory study about affection explains affectionate behaviors out in the real world. Thus, it could be said that his study is

Select one:

 ecologically-valid 

 internally valid

 generalizable

Question 24

Sue observed that the more money people have, the bigger are the amounts (chunks) that they pay. She concluded that having a lot of money makes people spend more. What is wrong with this conclusion?

Select one:

 the observation is correlational 

 there is a negative relationship

 there is a positive relationship

Question 25

Unpredictably, Joe’s experiment ‘works’ and supports his hypotheses on some days but not others. It is fair to conclude that his experiment lacks

Select one:

 dependent variables

 reliability 

 ecological validity

 cross-consistent validity

Question 26

If you designed a study to examine the effects of listening to music on the performance of a boring task, what design features would your study have?

Select one:

 correlational, within-subjects design

 between subjects design, no counterbalancing

 quasi-experimental, counterbalancing

 no counterbalancing

 mixed design with within-subjects and between subjects

 between-subjects design, counterbalancing

 within-subjects design, counterbalancing 

Question 27

For a hypothesis to be scientific, it must be

Select one:

 falsifiable 

 questionable

 disconfirmed

 existence proof

 parsimonious

Question 28

When designing a new study, it is preferable to

Select one:

 create all aspects of the study (measures, IVs) from scratch (i.e., ‘reinvent the wheel’)

 base as much as possible on established, published approaches/techniques/methods 

 not speak to any colleagues about the study to learn about what may go awry

Question 29

Driving speed is a quantitative variable and predicting that red cars are more likely to get traffic tickets is a causal prediction

Select one:

 True

 False 

Question 30

Wanting to examine ‘optimism,’ Bill conducted a study in which optimism was measured as the number of times that people travel without an umbrella.  Some may argue that Bill’s study suffers from a lack of

Select one:

 construct validity 

 covariation

 validity

 inter-rater reliability

Question 31

The idea that how a system functions could be understood by looking at the functional relationships amongst the parts of the system is known as

Select one:

 parsimony

 Monism

 Reductionism 

 partism

Question 32

One potential confound of cross-sectional designs are Answer  effects. (The answer consists of only one word, which is six letters long and must be spelled correctly.) 

Question 33

In a study employing a design that is 2 x 2 x 3, there are

Select one:

 a. three levels, the first with two factors, the second with two factors, and the third with three factors

 b. three factors, the first with two levels, the second with two levels, and the third with three levels 

 c. interactions

 d. problems with quasi-experimental design

Question 34

If you designed a study to investigate whether subjects are faster at recognizing animals than tools, how many stimuli would you have per condition?

Select one:

 a. only one per condition, to avoid habituation effects

 b. more than 40 

 c. around 10

Question 35

Match the dependent measure to the correct kind of design.

Naming pictures of line drawings of everyday objects (e.g., KITE)

Effects from nutrition, medicine, metabolic effects, therapeutic interventions, or skill learning

Studying changes in one subject over long periods of time (e.g., months)

Question 36

The mechanisms of visual perception are different in principle from those of a camera because

Select one:

 the eye has a lens

 the eye can heal and repair its tissues

 of top-down processes 

 eyes posses floaters

Question 37

In most cases, if your experiment has more than two conditions (e.g., 2 experimental conditions and 1 control condition), then an ____________ can be used to analyze the data.

Select one:

t-test

 analysis of variance (ANOVA) 

 chi square test

Question 38

The pattern of results in figure below suggest that there was

Select one:

 an interaction 

 only a main effect of the beverage condition on the dependent measure

 no effects of any kind

Question 39

The pattern of results in figure below suggest that

Select one:

 there was a main effect of condition (coffee vs. decaf) on the dependent measure

 there was an interaction between conditions 1 and 2 on speech rate

 there were no main effects of condition 

Question 40

You receive funds to carry out an experiment on the relationship between self-control and working memory. In designing the study, you should strive to have a study that

Select one:

 features a within-subjects design and can be completed in one short session 

 features a between-subjects design and involves at least 4 conditions

 takes 5 hours and requires participants to visit the laboratory at least 2 times