HSA 535 MIDTERM EXAM

HSA 535 MIDTERM EXAM
1 Reproductive health studies ____

2 One of the important concepts from the Nuremberg Code is that of ____, which means that the subject understands the scope of the study and can make an informed decision to participate.

3 Social epidemiology studies ____.

4 The biological cause of a problem or disease is known as ____.

5 The course of a disease, if left untreated, is referred to as ____.

6 Physical, biological, social, cultural, and behaviors that influence health are known as ____.

7 The normal occurrence of a disease or condition common to persons within a localized area is known as a(n) ____.

8 James Lind (1716-1794) observed the effect of time, place, weather, and diet on the spread of disease by ____.

9 Identifying diseases prior to the clinical stage means that prevention efforts can begin immediately. Because the disease is already present, this is an example of ____ prevention.

10 Risk factors or exposures that we think might affect the outcome are known as ____.

11 The time between infection and clinical disease is referred to as a(n) ____.

12 While Austin Bradford Hill is well-known for his work in developing guidelines for establishing causality for studies of non-infectious diseases, his other contributions to the field of epidemiology and ____ are remarkable.


13 A test given to people who have no symptoms to check for the presence of a particular disease is known as a ____.

14 The aspect of consistency means that ____.


15 The number of new cases of disease in a specified time (usually one year) divided by the population “at-risk” to develop the disease is known as ____.

16 Prevalence equals ____.

17 A person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation is known as a ____.


18 A proportion measured over a period of time is known as a ____.

19 Consider a food borne illness that is being investigated from a restaurant during a one week period.  Anyone who ate at that restaurant, and had vomiting and diarrhea during that week, could be considered a(n) ____ even if they had not gone to see their doctor.

20 While many people are used to hearing proportions represented as a percentage, many population samples in epidemiology are often presented per ____.

21 The representation of a numerator as a fraction of a denominator is known as a(n) ____.

22 By definition, the disease or condition used to identify a case is determined by the ____.

23 How many new cases of HIV infection were reported in the United States for the year 2009?

24 The disease carrier of most concern is known as a(n) ____, which is an infected person who never gets clinically ill, but can transmit the etiologic agent to others.


25 If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called a ____.

26 One of the most important emerging problems with the control of infectious diseases has to do with ____.

27 Infectious diseases are responsible for ____% of worldwide deaths in children under 15 years old and ____% of deaths in people aged 15-59 years old.

28 The probability of death due to infectious disease in sub-Saharan Africa is ____%, but only ____% in developed countries, such as the United States.

29 ____ is the transmission of a disease from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery.

30 ____ is the transmission of a disease from person to person, and may be directly from one person to another, or indirectly from one person through an intermediate item to another person.