PHSC 210 WEEK 8 Mastering Geology Assignments 12

Mastering Geology Assignments 12

Part A

 What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas?

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

ionic bonds within water molecules

hydrogen bonds within water molecules

covalent bonds between water molecules

covalent bonds within water molecules

Part B How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? 8 calories of heat energy 80 calories of heat energy 800 calories of heat energy 8000 calories of heat energy   Part C Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt? The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds within water molecules. The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds within water molecules.

Part D

What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts?

polarity of water molecules

covalent bonds of water molecules

movement of water molecules

mass of water molecules

Part E

What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water?

latent heat of water

latent energy of water

latent heat of ice

latent energy of ice   Part F How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius into water vapor? 5.4 calories of heat energy 54 calories of heat energy 540 calories of heat energy 5400 calories of heat energy

Part G

How can water vapor become ice?

Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the addition of heat energy.

Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the addition of heat energy.

Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

Item 2

 

Water in the atmosphere exists as a liquid, solid, and gas. The gas phase, water vapor, has an incredibly important role in atmospheric processes. As a result, there are several key ideas related to the content of water vapor in air. Saturation, relative humidity, and dew point are all measures of it:

• Saturation is the maximum amount of water vapor that air can hold at a given temperature; hotter air can hold more water vapor compared to cold air.
• Relative humidityis the percent of water vapor in the air compared to the amount of water vapor that the air could hold at saturation.
• Thedew point is the temperature at which the air is saturated with water vapor, for a given content of water vapor in the air. Dew point is used to determine the temperature at which clouds and precipitation will occur. A higher dew point temperature indicates a greater quantity of water vapor in the air.

Part A - Humidity and water vapor content

 

Let’s begin by comparing the conditions at three different cities: Phoenix, AZ; Bismarck, ND; and Tampa, FL. Refer to the accompanying table showing temperature and dew point temperature data for each city and use this information to determine which location each of the following statements applies to.

 

Part B - Water evaporation in summer

 

The graph below details air temperature and relative humidity changes on a typical summer day in the Midwest.

What would be the best time of day to water a lawn to minimize the evaporation of water from the surface of the grass, assuming the dew point temperature remained constant?

 

 

Item 3

 

Part A

Which factor is most significant in the formation of clouds in the atmosphere?

lateral movement of parcels of air

dry adiabatic rate

moisture in the atmosphere

ascent of parcels of air

descent of parcels of air

 

 

Part B

 

In addition to shape, clouds are classified by which parameter?

moisture content

type of precipitation

color

size

altitude

 

Part C

 

Contrails produced by jet aircraft engines are most similar to which cloud type?

cumulus

cirrus

fog

stratus

cumulonimbus

 

Part D

 

Lightning, thunder, hail, and occasionally tornadoes are associated with which cloud type?

cumulus

cirrostratus

altocirrus

nimbostratus

cumulonimbus

 

Part E

 

Which situation produces the flat base of cumulus clouds?

Rising air reaches the dew-point temperature.

Warmer air is encountered.

Rain begins to fall.

Descending air reaches the dew-point temperature.

Rising air begins to sublimate. Part F At which altitude would you expect to observe the formation of cirrostratus clouds? middle altitudes between 2000 and 6000 m high altitudes with bases above 6000 m low altitudes between 0 and 2000 m ground level low altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m

 

Part G

 

While you are watching the television weather report to prepare for your geology field trip tomorrow afternoon, the weather reporter predicts the development of nimbostratus clouds. What equipment should you bring in addition to your hand lens and hammer?

sunscreen

a flashlight

a raincoat

sunglasses

a warm hat

 

 

Part A

 

Which type of fog is produced when air is lifted over a topographic barrier?

upslope fog

advection fog

steam fog

radiation fog

frontal fog

 

Part B

 

Which type of fog is produced when you breathe out on a cold winter morning and you can “see your breath”?

steam fog

radiation fog

advection fog

frontal fog

upslope fog   Part C Which fog types are produced by evaporation rather than cooling? frontal and advection fogs steam and advection fogs radiation and advection fogs steam and frontal fogs radiation and upslope fogs

Part D

Advection fogs form when warm air blows over a cooler surface. Which U.S. city would be most likely to experience an advection fog?

Phoenix, AZ

Biloxi, MS

St. Louis, MO

Salt Lake City, UT

Denver, CO

 

Part E

 

Living in St. Louis, Missouri, along the Mississippi River, you might be accustomed to the occurrence of fog on your morning commute to school or work during the winter. What type of fog would you expect to find forming in St. Louis?

steam fog

upslope fog

advection fog

frontal fog

valley fog       Part A What provides the ultimate driving source for wind? upward flow of air the Coriolis force solar energy changes in relative humidity rotation of Earth

Part B

 

In addition to friction and the pressure-gradient force, which other force is influential in the control of wind on Earth?

temperature

changes in relative humidity

solar energy

upward movement of air

the Coriolis force

 

Part C

 

Which parameter has the greatest influence on wind speed?

differences in relative humidity

differences in air pressure

differences in solar energy

the Coriolis force

differences in surface friction

 

Part D

 

Above the zone of friction, clear air turbulence occurs when which conditions are met?

when air at one level is moving at a different velocity than an adjacent level in the atmosphere

when the temperature at one level in the atmosphere is greater than that in an adjacent level

when the pressure gradient at one level in the atmosphere is greater than that in an adjacent level

when the humidity in one level of the atmosphere is greater than the humidity in an adjacent level

when air at one level is moving at the same velocity as that in an adjacent level in the atmosphere

 

Part E

In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis force will deflect wind blowing from the south in which direction?

northwest

south

southeast

southwest

northeast

 

Part F

 

Surface winds typically blow at an angle to isobars on a weather map, while winds aloft move air in a direction nearly parallel to the isobars. Which of the following factors best explains why surface winds move differently than winds aloft?

humidity

friction

solar energy

clear air turbulence

the pressure-gradient force

 

Part G

 

Which statement regarding the Coriolis force is correct?

The Coriolis force affects only wind direction, not wind speed.

The Coriolis force is affected by wind speed, in that stronger winds have less deflection.

The Coriolis force is parallel with the direction of airflow.

The Coriolis force is weakest at the poles and strongest at the equator.

The Coriolis force affects only wind speed, not wind direction.